Friday, May 29, 2009

Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism is the most significant version of consequentialism, which is the view that actions should be judged right or wrong in the light of their consequences. As Leon Trotsky once said, "The end may justify the means so long as there is something that justifies the end."
First, let us highlight the difference betwen 2 terms similar to that of utilitarianism. Consequentialism and deontology. The difference is in terms of ends and means. A consequentialist would say that the question of whether an action is right or wrong should be determined purely on its consequences, which would mean that a consequentialist, in choosing various available courses of action, will merely weigh up the good and bad consequences in each case and make their decisions based on that.
Deontology, however, would see actions as not only means to the end but as wrong or right in themselves. In other words, when faced with a situation, the deontologist would consider whether the action is right or wrong and if it is wrong, he or she would not do it regardless of how many good consequences it can have.
Take this case for example, for instace, (acknowledgements to 50 Philosophy ideas you really need to know): The balloon was now falling faster towards he sea, and Mr Quelch could clearly see the many fins of the assembled diners cutting menacingly through the water. Mr Quelch knew that in the next 2 minutes the 7 of them would be shark bait if they didn't do something fast. They had thrown everything overboard nothing was left except himself and the 6 others. Then, suddenly, it was perfectly clear that a certain Mr Bunter, who was of considerable bulk, was all it took to save them...
So from this example we can see that Mr Quelch has 2 options: Throw Mr Bunter overboard and save the rest of the crew, or keep him on board and let everyone be eaten.
What, in this instance, would the conseqentialist and deontologist say? The consequentialist would most likely judge that the good outcome in terms of innocent lives saved is justification for the taking of one life. On the other hand, the deontologist would rule that the killing of innocent people is definitely wrong, therefore the jettisoning of Mr Bunter would be wrong and so cannot be justified by any good consequences it is supposed to have.
The best known consequentialist theory would be that of utiitarianism and the most influential deontological system would be the system developed by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. Please comment.

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